Single Crystal Diamond X-ray Lens Development

The next generation light sources such as diffractionlimited storage rings and high repetition rate free electron lasers (FELs) will generate x-ray beams with significantly increased peak and average brilliance. These future facilities will require x-ray optical components capable of handling large instantaneous and average power densities while tailoring the properties of the x-ray beams for a variety of scientific experiments. In this paper we report on research and development of a single crystal diamond compound refractive lens. Diamond is the best material for high heat load applications. Moreover single crystal lens preserves coherence of the x-ray beam because scattering from grain boundaries, voids and impurities, typical for current beryllium lenses is minimized. We report the fabrication and performance evaluation of single crystal diamond refractive x-ray lenses with a paraboloid of rotation form factor for focusing x-rays in two dimensions simultaneously. The lenses were manufactured using a femtosecond laser micromachining process and tested using x-ray synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory. These lenses were stacked together to form a traditional compound refractive lens (CRL). Due to the superior physical properties of the material, diamond CRLs are enabling and indispensable wavefrontpreserving primary focusing optics for x-ray free-electron lasers and the next-generation synchrotron storage rings. They can be used for highly efficient refocusing of the extremely bright x-ray sources on secondary optical schemes with limited aperture such as nanofocusing Fresnel zone plates and multilayer Laue lenses.